In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, lockdown, and changes in society and the workplace that they brought, humanity arguably finds itself at a crossroads: grappling with historical-level existential themes that have been thrust into the spotlight like never before. From the uncertainty of economic downturns, to the looming specter of a climate emergency, the modern psyche is besieged by stressors that challenge our very sense of being -and well-being. In this turbulent post-COVID, peak-oil, economic and climate crisis landscape, psychotherapy and existential psychotherapy can provide methods; modus operandi in navigating complexities within our psychological lives. Drawing on the wisdom of 'classical' existential thinkers like Albert Camus, Rollo May, Viktor Frankl and Fritz Perls -as well as newer thinkers such as Irvin Yalom, existential psychotherapy invites us to confront fundamental truths about our existence: how to deal with freedom, responsibility, and the quest for meaning as people.
In addressing the central issue of motivation for us as people, Rollo May, with his emphasis on the significance of confronting existential fears and embracing freedom and responsibility mindfully, said that authentic living arises from engaging with "the inherent uncertainties of existence." Viktor Frankl, drawing from his harrowing experiences in Nazi concentration camps, underscored the importance of finding objective meaning as a response, even amidst suffering, asserting that the quest for purpose serves as a potent motivator.
R.D. Laing, the critical psychological thinker, said that the interplay between ourselves and society highlights the impact of society's expectations on one's sense of identity and motivation. In 'The Divided Self' Laing examines the experience of 'existential alienation' and the breakdown of authentic communication in contemporary society. He also explores how societal pressures and cultural norms contribute to psychological distress and interpersonal conflict. This book remains a cornerstone in the field of psychology, offering a critical perspective on modern life challenges.
Techniques generally employed in existential therapy include exploring one's values and beliefs; confronting existential dilemmas; fostering self-awareness, and facilitating the discovery of personal meaning. In a world inundated with technological advancements and societal pressures, existential psychotherapy can provide a framework for individuals to cultivate a sense of authentic motivation.
Angst or aimlessness; reaction can stem in-part from a fundamental tension between one's innate desire for freedom, and the responsibilities and contingencies that come with freedom. In the midst of economic uncertainty, class inequality and societal stagnation, individuals may feel paralyzed by the weight of life and decision-making. Yet, how do we respond to the world? Coldly in reaction unthinkingly -or, can we draw on self-possessed reasonableness and gravity? As Frankl reminds us, "ultimately, man should not ask what the meaning of his life is, but rather he must recognize that it is he who is asked ... to life he can only respond by being responsible."
In the face of 'existential angst' and other problems, psychotherapy itself - and existentially-orientated psychotherapies, can offer practical strategies for cultivating a sense of agency and purpose. Through techniques such as mindfulness, narrative, and existential reflection, and awareness, individuals seek autonomy and authorship in their lives. By embracing the inherent uncertainty of existence and reframing challenges as opportunities for growth, patients are invited to embark on a journey of self-discovery and transformation. Moreover, therapy invites us to confront an ultimate existential dilemma: the quest for meaning in a seemingly indifferent universe.
Irvin Yalom observes, "the search for meaning is a lifelong quest; the meaning of life is to give life meaning." In the wake of the pandemic many have been forced to reckon with the fragility of life and the impermanence of human existence. Yet, it is precisely in the face of adversity that opportunities for meaning-making abound. Whether through acts of service, creative expression, or deepening connections with others, individuals can arguably find purpose and vigour amidst the chaos by aligning their actions with their values and beliefs. Yalom advocates for living authentically by embracing one's true self and values. He encourages individuals to engage in self-reflection, confront societal expectations, and make choices that align with our deepest desires and beliefs.
Yalom introduces 'existential mindfulness' exercises to help individuals cultivate a greater awareness of the present moment, and a deeper appreciation for life. These simple exercises often involve conscious reflection on existential themes or questions, and positive personal values. Embracing a sense of existential responsibility, and committing to live authentically can help us transcend our immediate circumstances mindfully, while we work towards a deeper sense of security and well-being.
In her classic work 'Existential Counselling and Psychotherapy in Practice' Emmy van Deurzen argues that therapy is a conversation, and emphasizes that it is how this conversation helps individuals clarify their understanding of their lived-world experience that is what is important in therapy. In existential psychotherapy clients are encouraged to describe in detail the actuality of their lived-world experiences.
The therapeutic process often involves exploring fundamental aspects of existence, such as freedom, responsibility, meaning, and dealing with isolation. By delving deeply into our personal experiences and perceptions, individuals seek a clear understanding of their values, beliefs and the unique ways they interact with the world. As a psychologist in Cape Town I aim to provide a safe and supportive space for clients to engage in these types of dialogues, towards authentic and meaningful ways of living. In the midst of uncertainty, may we all find solace in authenticity and meaning. If you're struggling to navigate the existential challenges inherent to modern life, individual psychotherapy could provide support and guidance you may find useful. Contact us to schedule an appointment here.
Frankl, V. (1963). Man's search for meaning. Boston: Beacon Press.
Laing, R. D. (1960). The Divided Self: An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness. Pelican Books.
May, R. (1983). The discovery of being: Writings in existential psychology. W. W. Norton & Company.
Van Deurzen, E. (2012). Existential Counselling and Psychotherapy in Practice. SAGE Publications Ltd.
Yalom, I. D. (2008). Staring at the sun: Overcoming the terror of death. Jossey-Bass.